47 research outputs found
A Tensegrity Robot that Tumbles by Distributed Movable Masses
The 11th International Symposium on Adaptive Motion of Animals and Machines. Kobe University, Japan. 2023-06-06/09. Adaptive Motion of Animals and Machines Organizing Committee.Poster Session P2
Goal-Conditioned Variational Autoencoder Trajectory Primitives with Continuous and Discrete Latent Codes
Imitation learning is an intuitive approach for teaching motion to robotic
systems. Although previous studies have proposed various methods to model
demonstrated movement primitives, one of the limitations of existing methods is
that the shape of the trajectories are encoded in high dimensional space. The
high dimensionality of the trajectory representation can be a bottleneck in the
subsequent process such as planning a sequence of primitive motions. We address
this problem by learning the latent space of the robot trajectory. If the
latent variable of the trajectories can be learned, it can be used to tune the
trajectory in an intuitive manner even when the user is not an expert. We
propose a framework for modeling demonstrated trajectories with a neural
network that learns the low-dimensional latent space. Our neural network
structure is built on the variational autoencoder (VAE) with discrete and
continuous latent variables. We extend the structure of the existing VAE to
obtain the decoder that is conditioned on the goal position of the trajectory
for generalization to different goal positions. Although the inference
performed by VAE is not accurate, the positioning error at the generalized goal
position can be reduced to less than 1~mm by incorporating the projection onto
the solution space. To cope with requirement of the massive training data, we
use a trajectory augmentation technique inspired by the data augmentation
commonly used in the computer vision community. In the proposed framework, the
latent variables that encodes the multiple types of trajectories are learned in
an unsupervised manner, although existing methods usually require label
information to model diverse behaviors. The learned decoder can be used as a
motion planner in which the user can specify the goal position and the
trajectory types by setting the latent variables.Comment: 8 pages, SN Computer Scienc
Multimodal Learning of Soft Robot Dynamics using Differentiable Filters
Differentiable Filters, as recursive Bayesian estimators, possess the ability
to learn complex dynamics by deriving state transition and measurement models
exclusively from data. This data-driven approach eliminates the reliance on
explicit analytical models while maintaining the essential algorithmic
components of the filtering process. However, the gain mechanism remains
non-differentiable, limiting its adaptability to specific task requirements and
contextual variations. To address this limitation, this paper introduces an
innovative approach called {\alpha}-MDF (Attention-based Multimodal
Differentiable Filter). {\alpha}-MDF leverages modern attention mechanisms to
learn multimodal latent representations for accurate state estimation in soft
robots. By incorporating attention mechanisms, {\alpha}-MDF offers the
flexibility to tailor the gain mechanism to the unique nature of the task and
context. The effectiveness of {\alpha}-MDF is validated through real-world
state estimation tasks on soft robots. Our experimental results demonstrate
significant reductions in state estimation errors, consistently surpassing
differentiable filter baselines by up to 45% in the domain of soft robotics.Comment: 13 pages, 8 figures, 5 tables, CoRL 2023 workshop Learning for Soft
Robot
Development of Pneumatically Driven Tensegrity Manipulator without Mechanical Springs
This paper reports a tensegrity manipulator driven by 40 pneumatic cylinders without mechanical springs. In general, tensegrity robots use mechanical springs to achieve a stable/curved tensegrity structure, and this is true even when a component extends/retracts with an actuator. The stiffness of the mechanical spring should be high to increase the stiffness of the entire structure and improve the control response, but low to deform the structure. This fact means that the introduction of mechanical springs causes serious trade-offs in its design and control. In this study, we use pneumatic actuators not only for active deformation but also for passive. In this paper, we introduce the design and control system and then show the difference in response characteristics between the case with and without a spring, demonstrating the importance of the approach without a mechanical spring.2022 IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems, IROS 2022, October 23 - 27, Kyoto, Japa
Neural Model Extraction for Model-Based Control of a Neural Network Forward Model
Neural networks have been widely used to model nonlinear systems that are difficult to formulate. Thus far, because neural networks are a radically different approach to mathematical modeling, control theory has not been applied to them, even if they approximate the nonlinear state equation of a control object. In this research, we propose a new approach—i.e., neural model extraction, that enables model-based control for a feed-forward neural network trained for a nonlinear state equation. Specifically, we propose a method for extracting the linear state equations that are equivalent to the neural network corresponding to given input vectors. We conducted simple simulations of a two degrees-of-freedom planar manipulator to verify how the proposed method enables model-based control on neural network forward models. Through simulations, where different settings of the manipulator’s state observation are assumed, we successfully confirm the validity of the proposed method
Common Dimensional Autoencoder for Learning Redundant Muscle-Posture Mappings of Complex Musculoskeletal Robots
It has been widely considered that a distinctive feature of musculoskeletal structures is that both the joint angle and stiffness can be changed by exploiting the agonistantagonist driving of the joint. However, musculoskeletal systems in animals and humans are typically highly complex, and the simple agonist-antagonist driving is rarely found. Therefore, in accordance with the increasing complexity of musculoskeletal robots, the feature that causes the robot to assume a posture with different stiffness values becomes difficult to achieve, owing to the difficulty in modeling the kinematics. Although datadriven approaches such as the neural network are regarded as suitable for modeling complex relationships, the training data are difficult to obtain because measuring joint stiffness is typically extremely difficult in contrast to measuring an actuator\u27s state and posture. Hence, we herein propose the common dimensional autoencoder where the encoded feature exhibits identical dimensions to the original input vector. In the proposed network, in parallel with the original unsupervised training using the data of the actuators\u27 states, supervised training at part of the encoded features is performed using posture data. Consequently, features expressing the redundancy of inverse kinematics appear at the remaining part of the encoded features without using data such as joint stiffness. The validity of the proposed method was confirmed successfully through an experiment using a 10 degrees-of-freedom complex musculoskeletal robot arm driven by pneumatic artificial muscles.IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (iROS2019), November 4 - 8, 2019, Macau, Chin
Autonomous mobile robot for outdoor slope using 2D LiDAR with uniaxial gimbal mechanism
The Nakanoshima Challenge is a contest for developing sophisticated navigation systems of robots for collecting garbage in outdoor public spaces. In this study, a robot named Navit(oo)n is designed, and its performance in public spaces such as city parks is evaluated. Navit(oo)n contains two 2D LiDAR scanners with uniaxial gimbal mechanism, improving self-localization robustness on a slope. The gimbal mechanism adjusts the angle of the LiDAR scanner, preventing erroneous ground detection. We evaluate the navigation performance of Navit(oo)n in the Nakanoshima and its Extra Challenges
Local Online Motor Babbling: Learning Motor Abundance of a Musculoskeletal Robot Arm
Motor babbling and goal babbling has been used for sensorimotor learning of highly redundant systems in soft robotics. Recent works in goal babbling have demonstrated successful learning of inverse kinematics (IK) on such systems, and suggest that babbling in the goal space better resolves motor redundancy by learning as few yet efficient sensorimotor mappings as possible. However, for musculoskeletal robot systems, motor redundancy can provide useful information to explain muscle activation patterns, thus the term motor abundance. In this work, we introduce some simple heuristics to empirically define the unknown goal space, and learn the IK of a 10 DoF musculoskeletal robot arm using directed goal babbling. We then further propose local online motor babbling guided by Covariance Matrix Adaptation Evolution Strategy (CMA-ES), which bootstraps on the goal babbling samples for initialization, such that motor abundance can be queried online for any static goal. Our approach leverages the resolving of redundancies and the efficient guided exploration of motor abundance in two stages of learning, allowing both kinematic accuracy and motor variability at the queried goal. The result shows that local online motor babbling guided by CMA-ES can efficiently explore motor abundance at queried goal positions on a musculoskeletal robot system and gives useful insights in terms of muscle stiffness and synergy.IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (iROS2019), November 4 - 8, 2019, Macau, Chin
Learning Interactive Behaviors for Musculoskeletal Robots Using Bayesian Interaction Primitives
Musculoskeletal robots that are based on pneumatic actuation have a variety of properties, such as compliance and back-drivability, that render them particularly appealing for human-robot collaboration. However, programming interactive and responsive behaviors for such systems is extremely challenging due to the nonlinearity and uncertainty inherent to their control. In this paper, we propose an approach for learning Bayesian Interaction Primitives for musculoskeletal robots given a limited set of example demonstrations. We show that this approach is capable of real-time state estimation and response generation for interaction with a robot for which no analytical model exists. Human-robot interaction experiments on a \u27handshake\u27 task show that the approach generalizes to new positions, interaction partners, and movement velocities.IEEE/RSJ International Conference on Intelligent Robots and Systems (iROS2019), November 4 - 8, 2019, Macau, Chin